Assess Palliative Care Needs
Palliative care provides high quality health care to people living with a life-limiting illness to live as well as they can by focusing on their physical, psychological, cultural, social and spiritual needs. Palliative care that takes a person-centred approach to care will ensure all resident needs are met.
All residents identified as at the end of life using the SPICTTM tool should have a palliative care needs assessment. The life experiences of a person such as age, culture, religion, ethnicity or experience should be considered.
Re-assessment should occur regularly and at key transition points in the resident’s trajectory, for example:
- if there has been a significant functional or medical decline
- if there is a sudden acute event
- if discussions around goals of care are required particularly around futile treatment
- following hospitalisation
palliAGED offers complete sets of downloadable Practice Tips for Nurses (pdf 1.9MB) and Careworkers (pdf 2.9MB).
The Palliative Care Needs Assessment Guidance
The Palliative Care Needs Assessment Guidance was developed by the National Clinical Programme for Palliative Care and is a framework that considers needs across four domains:
- Domain 1 - Physical Wellbeing
- Domain 2 - Social and Occupational Wellbeing
- Domain 3 - Psychosocial Wellbeing
- Domain 4 - Spiritual Wellbeing
If your service uses electronic notes you may already have these domains within your clinical system. Similarly, your hard copy notes may address these issues. Review your system and see if all the domains are covered. Within each of these domains there are some specific tools or scales that might be useful to understand the needs of the resident and their family. The Assessment Tools section provides information on these domains.
ELDAC Toolkit Educational Video
Watch the ELDAC Assess Palliative Care Needs educational video will help you to describe the importance of person-centred and holistic assessment; identify the four domains of wellbeing used in palliative care assessment and recognise the importance of care planning to support end of life care.
Each resident will have an individual symptom profile and a comprehensive assessment is required.
The Symptom Assessment Scale (SAS) can be used as a self-report tool and provides a report of whether a symptom is present and indication of impact of that symptom. The SAS is based on a rating scale of seven common symptoms and has space to add additional symptoms. The Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC) has a brochure explaining the Symptom Assessment Scale (168kb docx).
Where a symptom has been identified further assessment using valid and reliable tools, if available, should be used to identify the underlying cause of the symptom and further details. The following is a suggested list of tools for common symptoms. You may have some of these in your electronic or hard copy files.
- Dyspnoea (shortness of breath) Assessment
- The Modified Borg Scale (mBORG) (182kb pdf)
Lung Foundation Australia
The Modified Borg Dyspnoea Scale (mBORG) is used to measure the self-reported intensity of the sensation of breathlessness for individuals who may have difficulty with a numeral rating, but can identify their dyspnoea level using verbal descriptors. The mBORG rates dyspnoea on a scale of 0-10 to quantify the intensity of dyspnoea during activity.
- Delirium Assessment
- Nutrition Assessment
- Oral Health Assessment
This domain is based around family support, emotional and social support and practical concerns.
A comprehensive social assessment helps to identify family, emotional and social support. The use of a genogram is helpful, particularly if the resident’s family is large or there are a variety of different individuals that will be providing support.
The resident’s life biography assists in providing person-centred care, particularly for residents with cognitive impairment or dementia. There are a range of tools that can be used to identify the person’s biography and your service may already have a template as part of the admission and assessment process.
The Lasting Tale webpage from Palliative Care Australia (PCA) includes resources such as a free audio life story app and examples of life story questions to ask residents.
Residents at the end-of-life should be assessed for any issues that are worrying them. In particular, awareness of the possibility of psychological concerns such as anxiety, depression or previous mental health issues.
- CareSearch provides an overview for anxiety and depression in palliative care. There is information on conducting a psychosocial assessment, which helps in better understanding a person’s holistic needs in their social and cultural context to guide the development of a person-centred care plan.
- The Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) has the modified Cornell Scale for Depression (CSD; ACFI 10), which also covers anxiety and is suitable for residents who cannot be interviewed. This scale is available in the ACFI Assessment Pack (CSD pages 10-13 and pages 27-40; 492kb pdf). More information on how to use the CSD can be found in the ACFI User Guide (439kb pdf). Check how recently a resident has completed a CSD. This may need to be readministered and the results communicated with the residents General Practitioner.
The final domain is about assessing the spiritual needs of residents. palliAGED also provides a summary of spirtitual care.
A person’s spiritual care includes faiths, cultures, beliefs, and traditions and is the right of older people to express their spirituality in a way that is meaningful for them. The identification of spiritual needs and offering of basic spiritual care is the responsibility of all aged care workers and should be done in ways that are appropriate to their role.
Meaningful Ageing Australia developed the National Guidelines for Spiritual Care in Aged Care, (831kb pdf) which gives an overview of some key spiritual needs of older people, including the five domains of spiritual care.